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Shindo Renmei - (臣道連盟 ''Shindō Renmei''; "League of the Subjects' Path" in Japanese) was a terrorist organization composed of Japanese immigrants in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, active in the 1940s. Refusing to believe the news of Japan's surrender in the end of World War II, some of its most fanatic members used violence against those who did. Shindo Renmei killed at least 23 people and wounded 147 others, all of them Japanese-Brazilians. ==Historical background== The first Japanese immigrants arrived in Brazil in 1908, most intending to amass wealth and return to their birth country. They found a completely different country, with different language, religion, climate, foods, and customs; as they planned to return, they lived in relative isolation from the culture around them, few even bothering to learn Portuguese. As such, they were generally seen with suspicion by the general populace. Yet, by the 1930s, Brazil had the largest community of Japanese immigrants in the world. The Estado Novo regime established by Getúlio Vargas, aiming to promote Brazilian nationalism, repressed the cultures of the Japanese and German communities. By the decree 383 of April 18, 1938, they were not allowed to take part in political activities, speak foreign languages in public, or teach them as the first language of their children. Radio broadcast in foreign languages was forbidden; publishing in foreign languages was only allowed in bilingual editions, the foreign language next to Portuguese. At the time, almost 90% of the Japanese immigrants were subscribers of Japanese language newspapers, which shows a degree of literacy far above the general populace at the time. Decree 383, making bilingual editions obligatory, destroyed most such newspapers, as it made printing costs exceedingly high; as a significant number of Japanese immigrants could not understand Portuguese at all, this made exceedingly difficult for them to obtain any information from outside their communities. When Brazil sided with the Allies in 1942, any communication with Japan was cut: the entry of new Japanese immigrants was forbidden, letters would no longer arrive, Japanese-Brazilians were unable to travel freely or live in certain regions, such as coastal areas, without a safe conduct from a police authority, and radio receivers were apprehended so that that people would no longer listen to short wave transmissions from Japan. Even bilingual newspapers were forbidden at the time. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shindo Renmei」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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